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Network Working Group Mark Laubach
Request for Comments: DRAFT Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
Expires February 20, 1994 August 20, 1993
Classical IP and ARP over ATM
Status of this Memo
This memo is an internet draft. Internet Drafts are working documents
of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its
Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet Drafts.
Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet
Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a "working
draft" or "work in progress". Please check the lid-abstracts.txt
listing contained in the internet-drafts shadow directories on
nic.ddn.mil, nnsc.nsf.net, nic.nordu.net, ftp.nisc.src.com, or
munnari.oz.au to learn the current status of any Internet Draft.
1. Abstract
This memo describes an initial application of classical IP and ARP in
an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network environment configured as
a Logical IP Subnetwork (LIS) as described below and in [1]. This
document does not preclude the subsequent development of ATM
technology into areas other than an LIS; specifically, as single ATM
networks grow to replace many ethernet local LAN segments and as
these networks become globally connected, the application of IP and
ARP will be treated differently. This memo considers only the
application of ATM a as a direct replacement for the "wires" and
local LAN segments connecting IP end-stations and routers. Issues
raised by MAC level bridging are beyond the scope of this paper.
3. Acknowledgment
This memo could not have come into being without the critical review
from Jim Forster of Cisco Systems, Drew Perkins of FORE Systems, and
Bryan Lyles, Steve Deering, and Berry Kercheval of XEROX PARC. The
concepts and models presented in [1], written by Dave Piscitello and
Laubach [Page 1]
DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
Joseph Lawrence, laid the structural groundwork for this work. This
document could have not been completed without the expertise of the
IP over ATM Working Group of the IETF and the ad hoc PVC committee at
the Amsterdam meeting.
4. Conventions
The following language conventions are used in the items of
specification in this document:
o MUST, SHALL, or MANDATORY -- the item is an absolute requirement
of the specification.
o SHOULD or RECOMMEND -- this item should generally be followed for
all but exceptional circumstances.
o MAY or OPTIONAL -- the item is truly optional and may be followed
or ignored according to the needs of the implementor.
5. Introduction
The goal of this specification is to allow compatible and
interoperable implementations for transmitting IP datagrams, ARP and
InARP requests and replies over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5)[6].
Initial deployment of ATM provides a LAN segment replacement for
ethernet networks and as wire-replacement for dedicated public
telecommunication lines between IP routers. In the former model,
local IP routers with one or more ATM interfaces will connect islands
of local ATM networks. ATM-FORUM compliant addressing will be used
within these local ATM networks. In the latter model, public ATM
networks will be used to connect IP routers, which in turn may or may
not connect to local ATM networks. Public networks will use ITU-TSS
and ANSI standards for addressing in ATM.
The characteristics and features of ATM networks are different than
those found in LAN's:
o ATM provides a virtual circuit switched environment. VC setup may
be done on either a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) or dynamic
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) basis. SVC call management
signalling is performed via Q.93B implementations [7,9].
o Data to be passed by a VC is segmented into 53 octet quantities
called cells (5 octets of ATM header and 48 octets of data).
o ATM standards provide several formats for the exchange of
Protocol Data Units (PDU's), these formats are called ATM
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
Adaptation Layers (AAL's). When a virtual circuit is created a
specific AAL type is associated with the VC. This type is
specified either by administrative control for PVC's or via
signalling for SVC's. There are five different AAL format types,
which are commonly referred to as "AALn", where "n" is a number
from one 1 through 5. There is no field in an ATM cell header
which carries this AAL type value, rather it is known at each hop
of the path due to the call setup mechanism. The AAL5 format
specifies a packet format with a maximum size of 64K - 8 user
data octets. Cells for an AAL5 PDU are transmitted first to last,
the last cell indicating end of PDU. ATM standards guarantee that
on a given VC, cell ordering is preserved end-to-end.
o ATM-FORUM signalling defines point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint circuit setup [9]. Multipoint-to-multipoint virtual
circuits are not not yet a conformance requirement of the ATM-
FORUM.
o ATM-FORUM local LAN addresses (in the address resolution protocol
context) use the same basic format as GOSIP NSAP's [11]. Note:
ATM-FORUM addresses should not be construed at being GOSIP
NSAP's, they are not, the administration is different, which
fields get filled out are different, etc.
This memo describes the initial deployment of ATM within "classical"
IP networks as a direct replacement for local area networks
(ethernets) and for IP links which interconnect routers, either
within or between administrative domains. The "classical" model here
refers to the treatment of the ATM host adapter as a networking
interface to the IP protocol stack.
Characteristics of the classical model are:
o One default maximum MTU size for the network interface,
consistent with current implementations.
o Default LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IP packets.
o IP destinations map to VC's via ARP and end-to-end IP routing
stays the same, consistent with current model.
o ARP's stay within the LIS, current ARP architecture stays the
same.
o One IP subnet is used for many hosts and routers. A separate VC
is used for each station-to-station pair, one subnet is used for
all these VC's.
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
The "global" ATM model is an evolution of the classical model where
the ATM network becomes more fully deployed and globally available.
In this model, the traditional protocol stack architecture also
evolves allowing applications to map directly on VC's (e.g., TCP and
UDP ports map directly onto VC's) and ARP mechanisms are no longer
bound to LIS boundaries as queries and replies may go global. IP
will evolve to take advantage of the network services provided by the
global ATM network.
Characteristics of the global model are:
o MTU size is negotiated per VC via ATM signalling, requires MTU
size be separated from interface in protocol stack.
o IP encapsulation is negotiated per VC via ATM signalling,
requires common signalling to be implemented and globally
available.
o Applications map directly to VC's, requiring changes to
TCP/UDP/IP to allow ports to map directly on to VC's
o ARP's are global, ARP architecture needs to change to support a
robust global client/server model.
o Differing quality of service (QOS) guarantees will exist on a per
application and per VC basis.
The deployment of ATM into the Internet community is just beginning
and will take many years to complete. During the early part of this
period, we expect deployment to follow traditional IP subnet
boundaries for the following reasons:
o Administrators and managers of IP subnetworks will tend to
initially follow the same models as they currently have deployed.
The mindset of the community will change slowly over time as ATM
increases its coverage and builds its credibility.
o Policy administration practices rely on the security, access,
routing, and filtering capability of IP Internet gateways: i.e.
firewalls. ATM will not be allowed to "back-door" these
mechanisms until ATM provides better management capability than
the existing services and practices.
o Standards for global IP over ATM will take some time to complete
and deploy.
This memo details the treatment of the classical model of IP and ARP
over ATM. There are those would like to have IP-over-ATM begin by
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
breaking the classical model - this memo represents the view that we
must walk before we can run. This memo does not preclude the
subsequent evolution of ATM networks as they become more globally
deployed and interconnected and the evolution of TCP and IP to take
advantage of these changes - these will be the subject of future
documents. This memo does not address issues related to transparent
data link layer interoperability.
6. IP Subnetwork Configuration
In the LIS scenario, each separate administrative entity configures
its hosts and routers within a closed logical IP subnetwork. Each LIS
operates and communicates independently of other LIS's over the same
ATM network. Hosts connected to ATM communicate directly to other
hosts within the same LIS. Communication to hosts outside of the
local LIS is provided via an IP router. This router is a station
attached to the ATM network that is configured as a member of two or
more LIS's. This configuration may result in a number of disjoint
LIS's operating over the same ATM network. Hosts of differing IP
subnets would communicate via an intermediate router even though a
direct virtual circuit between the two hosts may be available over
the ATM network.
The requirements for IP member stations (hosts, routers) operating in
an ATM LIS configuration are:
o All members have the same IP network/subnet number.
o All stations within an LIS are accessed directly over the ATM
network.
o All stations outside of the LIS are accessed via a router.
o All members of an LIS must have a mechanism for resolving IP
addresses to ATM addresses via ARP [4] when using SVC's.
o All members within a LIS MUST be able to communicate with all
other members in the same LIS; i.e., the topology is fully
meshed. There should be no administrative restrictions at the ATM
level that prevent VC's from operating between all pairs of
stations.
The following list identifies a set of ATM specific parameters that
MUST be implemented in each IP station connected to the ATM network.
The parameter values MUST be user configurable:
o ATM Hardware Address (atm$ha). The ATM address of the individual
IP station. Each host must be configured to accept datagrams
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
destined for this address
o ATM ARP Request Address (atm$arp-req). atm$arp-req is the ATM
hardware address of an individual ARP server located within the
LIS to which ARP requests are to be sent for the resolution of
target protocol addresses to target hardware addresses for SVC
connections. That server must have authoritative responsibility
for resolving ARP requests of all IP stations within the LIS.
It is RECOMMENDED that routers providing LIS functionality over the
ATM network also support the ability to interconnect differing LIS's.
Routers that wish to provide interconnection of differing LIS's MUST
be able to support multiple sets of these parameters (one set for
each connected LIS) and be able to associate each set of parameters
with a specific IP network/ subnet number. In addition, it is
RECOMMENDED that a router be able to provide this multiple LIS
support with a single physical ATM interface that may have one or
more individual ATM addresses.
7. Packet Format
Implementations MUST support IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP encapsulation as
described in [2]. LLC/SNAP encapsulation is the default packet
format for IP datagrams.
This memo recognizes that other encapsulation methods may be used
however, in the absence of other knowledge or agreement, LLC/SNAP
encapsulation is the default.
This memo recognizes the future development of end-to-end signalling
within ATM that will allow negotiation of encapsulation method on a
per-VC basis. Signalling negotiations are beyond the scope of this
memo.
8. MTU Size
The default MTU size for IP stations operating over the ATM network
SHALL be 9180 octets. The LLC/SNAP header is 8 octets, therefore the
default ATM AAL5 protocol data unit size is 9188 octets. In classical
IP subnets, values other than the default can only be used if and
only if all stations in the LIS have been configured to use the non-
default value.
This memo recognizes the future development of end-to-end signalling
within ATM that will allow negotiation of MTU size on a per-VC basis.
Signalling negotiations are beyond the scope of this document.
9. ADDRESS RESOLUTION
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
Address resolution within an ATM logical IP subnet shall make use of
the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [3] and the Inverse Address
Resolution Protocol (InARP) [9] and all IP stations are required to
support these protocols. Use of these protocols differ depending on
whether permanent virtual circuits (PVC's) or switched virtual
circuits (SVC's) are used.
Permanent Virtual Circuits
An IP station must have a mechanism for determining what PVC's it
has, and in particular which PVC's are being used for LLC/SNAP
encapsulated protocols. The details of the mechanism are beyond the
scope of this memo.
All IP stations supporting permanent virtual circuits are required to
use the Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (InARP) as defined in [9]
on those virtual circuits using LLC/SNAP encapsulation. In a strict
PVC environment, the receiver shall infer the relevant virtual
circuit from the virtual circuit on which the InARP request
(InARP_REQUEST) or response (InARP_REPLY) was received. When the ATM
source and/or target hardware address is unknown, the corresponding
hardware address length in the InARP packet must be set to zero (0)
indicating a null length, otherwise the appropriate address field
should be filled in and the corresponding length set appropriately.
InARP packet format details are presented later in this memo.
From [9]: "When the requesting station receives the InARP reply, it
may complete the ARP table entry and use the provided address
information. Note: as with ARP, information learned via InARP may be
aged or invalidated under certain circumstances." It is the
responsibility of each IP station supporting ATM permanent virtual
circuits to re-validate ARP table entries as part of the aging
process. See the section below on "ARP Table Aging - All Stations".
Switched Virtual Circuits
ATM switched virtual circuits require support for ARP in the non-
broadcast, non-multicast environment that ATM networks currently
provide. To meet this need a single ARP server will be located within
the LIS. This server must have authoritative responsibility for
resolving the ARP requests of all IP stations within the LIS.
The server itself is inherently passive in that it depends on the
clients in the LIS to initiate the ARP registration procedure. An
individual client connects to the ARP server using a point-to-point
virtual circuit. The server, upon receiving a new virtual circuit
specifying LLC/SNAP encapsulation, will initiate an InARP request to
determine the IP address of the client. The InARP reply from the
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
client contains the information necessary for the ARP server to build
its ARP table cache. This information is used to generate replies to
the ARP requests it receives.
The ARP server mechanism requires that each client be
administratively configured with the ATM hardware address of the ARP
server atm$arp-req as defined earlier in this memo. There is to be
one and only one ARP server operational per logical IP subnet. This
ARP server must be administratively configured so that it knows it is
the ARP server. The ARP server MUST be configured with an IP address
for each logical IP subnet it is serving to support InARP requests.
This memo recognizes that a single ARP Server is not as robust as
multiple servers which synchronize their databases correctly. This
document is defining the client-server interaction by using a simple,
single server approach as a reference model, and does not prohibit
more robust approaches which use the same client-server interface.
ARP Server Operational Requirements
The ARP server accepts switched virtual circuit connections from
other ATM stations. At call setup and if the VC supports LLC/SNAP
encapsulation, the ARP server will transmit to the originating ATM
station an InARP request (InARP_REQUEST) for each logical IP subnet
the server is configured to serve. After receiving an InARP reply
(InARP_REPLY), the server will examine the IP address and the ATM
hardware address. The server will add (or update) the <hardware
address, IP address> map entry and timestamp into its ARP table. If
the InARP IP address duplicates a table entry IP address and the
InARP hardware address does not match the table entry hardware
address and there is an open virtual circuit associated with that
table entry, the InARP information is discarded and no modifications
to the table are made. ARP table entries persist until aged or
invalidated. VC call tear down does not remove ARP table entries.
The ARP server, upon receiving an ARP request (ARP_REQUEST), will
generate the corresponding ARP reply (ARP_REPLY) if it has an entry
in its ARP table or a negative ARP reply (ARP_NAK). The ARP_NAK
response is an extension to the ARP protocol and is used to improve
the robustness of the ARP server mechanism. With ARP_NAK, a client
can determine the difference between a catastrophic server failure
and an ARP table lookup failure. The ARP_NAK packet format is the
same as the received ARP_REQUEST packet format with the operation
code set to ARP_NAK, i.e., the ARP_REQUEST packet data is merely
copied for transmission with the ARP_REQUEST operation code reset to
ARP_NAK.
ARP table information timeout update: when the server receives an ARP
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
request over a virtual circuit, and the source information (IP and
hardware address) match the association already in the ARP table, and
the hardware address matches that associated with the virtual circuit
(in the SVC environment), then the server may update the timeout on
the ARP table entry.
ARP Client Operational Requirements
The ARP client is responsible for contacting the ARP server to
register its own ARP information and to gain and refresh ARP
information about other IP stations. ARP clients are required to:
1. Initiate the virtual circuit connection to the ARP server for
transmitting and receiving ARP and InARP packets.
2. Respond to ARP_REQUEST and InARP_REQUEST packets received on any
VC appropriately.
3. Generate and transmit ARP_REQUEST packets to the ARP server and to
process ARP_REPLY and ARP_NAK packets from the server appropriately.
ARP_REPLY packets should be used to build/refresh ARP table entries.
4. Generate and transmit InARP_REQUEST packets as needed and to
process InARP_REPLY packets appropriately. InARP_REPLY packets
should be used to build/refresh ARP table entries.
5. Provide an ARP table aging function to remove old ARP tables
entries after a convenient period of time.
Note: if the client does not maintain an open VC to the server, the
client must refresh its ARP information with the server at least once
every 20 minutes. This is done by opening a VC to the server and
exchanging the initial InARP packets.
ARP Table Aging - All stations
A client or server must have knowledge of any open VC's it has
(permanent or switched), their association with an ARP table entry,
and in particular, which VC's support LLC/SNAP encapsulation.
Client ARP table entries are valid for a maximum time of 15 minutes.
Server ARP table entries are valid for a minimum time of 20 minutes.
Prior to aging (removing) an ARP table entry, all stations must
generate an InARP_REQUEST on any open VC associated with that entry.
If an InARP_REPLY is received, that table entry is updated and not
deleted. If there is no open VC associated with the table entry, the
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
entry is deleted.
ARP and InARP Packet Format
Internet addresses are assigned independent of ATM-FORUM NSAP
addresses. Each host implementation MUST know its own internet and
ATM address(es) and respond to address resolution requests
appropriately. Hosts MUST also use ARP to map Internet addresses to
ATM hardware addresses when needed.
The ARP and InARP protocol has several fields that have the following
format and values:
Data:
ar$hrd 16 bits Hardware type
ar$pro 16 bits Protocol type
ar$shln 8 bits Octet length of source hardware address (m)
ar$spln 8 bits Octet length of source protocol address (n)
ar$op 16 bits Operation code (request or reply)
ar$thln 8 bits Octet length of target hardware address (p)
ar$tpln 8 bits Octet length of target protocol address (q)
ar$sha moctets source hardware address
ar$spa noctets source protocol address
ar$tha poctets target hardware address
ar$tpa qoctets target protocol address
Where:
ar$hrd - assigned to ATM-FORUM NSAP address family and is
dd decimal (0x00nn) [4].
ar$pro - see Assigned Numbers for protocol type number for
the protocol using ARP. (IP is 0x0800).
ar$shln - length of the source hardware NSAP address length.
ar$spln - length in bytes of the source protocol address. For
IP ar$spln is 4.
ar$op - The operation type value (decimal):
ARP_REQUEST = 1
ARP_REPLY = 2
InARP_REQUEST = 8
InARP_REPLY = 9
ARP_NAK = ??
ar$thln - length of the target hardware NSAP address length.
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
ar$tpln - length in bytes of the target protocol address. For
IP ar$tpln is 4.
ar$sha - source NSAP address.
ar$spa - source protocol address.
ar$tha - target NSAP address.
ar$tpa - target protocol address.
The ATM hardware addresses in ARP packets (ar$sha, ar$tha) SHALL be
ATM-FORUM specified NSAP addresses [9].
The same NSAP encoding SHALL be used within an LIS and replies will
use the same encoding as queries. For example, NSAP's may encode IEEE
48-bit MAC addresses or may encode E.164 addresses. Within the LIS
either IEEE MAC or E.164 hardware addresses may be used but not both.
ARP packets are to be encoded in AAL5 PDU's using LLC/SNAP
encapsulation. The format of the AAL5 CPCS-SDU payload field for
routed non-ISO PDU's is:
Payload Format for Routed non-ISO PDU's
+------------------------------+
| LLC 0xAA-AA-03 |
+------------------------------+
| OUI 0x00-00-00 |
+------------------------------+
| Ethertype 0x08-06 |
+------------------------------+
| |
| ARP Packet |
| |
+------------------------------+
The LLC value of 0xAA-AA-03 (3 octets) indicates the presence of a
SNAP header.
The OUI value of 0x00-00-00 (3 octets) indicates that the following
two-bytes is an ethertype.
The Ethertype value of 0x08-06 (2 octets) indicates ARP [4].
The total size of the LLC/SNAP header is fixed at 8-octets. This
aligns the start of the ARP packet on a 64-bit boundary relative to
the start of the AAL5 SDU.
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
The LLC/SNAP encapsulation for ARP presented here is consistent with
the treatment of multiprotocol encapsulation of IP over ATM AAL5 as
specified in [2] and in the format of ARP over IEEE 802 networks as
specified in [5].
Traditionally, ARP requests are broadcast to all directly connected
IP stations within a LIS. It is conceivable in the future that larger
scaled ATM networks may handle ARP requests to destinations outside
the originating LIS, perhaps even globally; issues raised by ARP'ing
outside the LIS or by a global ARP mechanism are beyond the scope of
this memo.
10. IP Broadcast Address
ATM does not support broadcast addressing, therefore there are no
mappings available from IP broadcast addresses to ATM broadcast
services. Note: this lack of mapping does not restrict stations from
transmitting or receiving IP datagrams specifying any of the four
standard IP broadcast address forms as described in [8]. Stations,
upon receiving an IP broadcast or IP subnet broadcast for their LIS,
must process the packet as if addressed to that station.
11. IP Multicast Address
ATM does not support multicast address services, therefore there are
no mappings available from IP multicast addresses to ATM multicast
services. Current IP multicast implementations (i.e., MBONE and IP
tunneling, see [10]) will continue to operate over ATM based logical
IP subnets if operated in the WAN configuration.
This memo recognizes the future development of ATM multicast service
addressing by the ATM-FORUM. When available and widely implemented,
the roll-over from the current IP multicast architecture to this new
ATM architecture will be straightforward.
12. Security
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
This memo recognizes the future development of ATM and IP facilities
for authenticated call setup, authenticated end-to-end application
knowledge, and data encryption as being required services for
globally connected ATM networks. These future security facilities and
their use by IP networks are beyond the scope of this memo.
13. Open Issues
o A proposal was put before the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
to approve a request to create an ARP hardware type of "ATM-FORUM
NSAP address". IANA has not responded as of this date.
o Well known ATM hardware address(es) for ARP servers? It would be
very handy if we came up with a set of well known ATM addresses
for ARP services. We should probably have well-known PVC numbers
for a non-SVC environment also.
o Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI) services will not be
generally implemented by some providers and vendors and will not
be used to obtain the ATM address network prefix from the network
[9]. Meta-signalling does provide some of this functionality and
in the future we need to document the options.
REFERENCES
[1] Piscitello, D., and Lawrence, J., "IP and ARP over the SMDS
Service", RFC1209, USC/Information Sciences Institute, March
1991.
[2] Heinanen, Juha, "Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation
Layer 5", RFC1483, USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1993.
[3] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol - or -
Converting Network Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address for
Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", RFC 826, MIT, November 1982.
[4] Reynolds, J., and Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers", RFC1340, USC/
Information Sciences Institute, July 1992.
[5] Postel, J., and Reynolds, J., "A Standard for the Transmission of
IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks", RFC1042, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, February 1988.
[6] CCITT, "Draft Recommendation I.363", CCITT Study Group XVIII,
Geneva, 19-29 January 1993.
[7] CCITT, "Draft text for Q.93B", CCITT Study Group XI, 23 September
- 2 October 1992.
[8] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication
Layers", RFC1122, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October
1989.
[9] ATM-FORUM, "ATM User-Network Interface Specification Version 3.0.
(DRAFT)", ATM-FORUM, 480 San Antonio Road, Suite 100, Mountain
View, CA 94040, June 1993.
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DRAFT Classical IP and ARP over ATM August 1993
[10] Deering, S, "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", RFC1112,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1989.
[11] Colella, Richard, and Gardner, Ella, and Callon, Ross,
"Guidelines for OSI NSAP Allocation in the Internet", RFC1237,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1991.
Author's Address
Mark Laubach
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
1501 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: 415.857.3513
FAX: 415.857.8526
EMail: laubach@hpl.hp.com
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